Potential Structural Materials And Design Concepts For Light Airplanes

NASA Contractor Report CR-73258 (download full report here or here)

By L. Pazmany, H. Prentice, C. Waterman and F. Tietge

October 1968

Introduction

The expansion and competitive position of general aviation in the field of transportation depends upon improving the safety and utility of light aircraft while reducing their cost. Toward this end, the Mission Analysis Division of NASA is investigating various areas associated with the design of light aircraft and has sponsored this study on structural materials and concepts.

The primary objectives of the study were:

(1) To make a comparative evaluation of a wide variety of materials and structural concepts, presently and potentially available for application to light aircraft, by investigating the effect of design, manufacturing, operational, and material requirements on the cost of this class of aircraft.

(2) To apply the more promising materials and structural concepts to the conceptual design of light aircraft.

(3) To identify key problem areas where additional research may Increase the potential of promising materials or concepts. In pursuing these objectives, the contractor was to consider two levels of technology and two types of light aircraft, fixed and rotary wing. “he levels of technology were classified as “near term,” 5 years hence, and “far term,” 15 years hence. The conceptual designs were to meet the contract guidelines listed in Appendix M.

The study was performed in two phases. Phase I was concerned with researching, correlating, and evaluating available information on (a) operational characteristics; (b) material properties; (c) structural concepts and capabilities; (d) manufacturing and cost considerations; as they apply to light four-place airplanes and helicopters. The intent of Phase II was to select the more promising structural materials and concepts and apply them to the two. conceptual designs for the two levels of technology. However, upon completion of Phase I, the results indicated (a) that the economic gains associated with improved light aircraft structural design would be more significant for “far term” aircraft; (b) that light fixed wing and light helicopters structures are similar; (c) the need for a more definitive analysis of the fabrication cost of the selected materials and concepts.

Thus, it was decided (with the agreement of NASA) to eliminate from consideration in Phase II the “near term” airplane and helicopter, and the “far term” helicopter. Phase II concentrated on establishing detailed structural design, cost, and fabrication analyses for those materials and concepts that showed the most promise of reducing labor hours and facilitating mass production as applied to the “far term” light airplane conceptual design.

A major aim of the study was to identify key problem areas where additional research would increase the potential of the more promising materials and concepts and lead to safer and more economical light aircraft.

Inventions and Ideas

Date Invention Patent Number Company
4/23/1963 Nose turbine Ryan Aeronautical Company
6/28/1963 Structural hinge, hidden, 180° travel General Dynamics
11/1/1963 Individual personnel pod General Dynamics
4/28/1964 Elastic bellmouth for duct through aerodynamic surface 3,130,941 Ryan Aeronautical Company
1/18/1967 Curtain wing
2/3/1969 Stick-on binder
7/25/1976 Roadable airplane
9/21/1976 Overwing thrust reverser 3,981,463 Rohr Industries
11/28/1976 Flying scooter
5/14/1977 Twin engine transport
5/30/1978 Emergency shut-off valve 4,091,831
1/22/1980 Flapped wing system General Dynamics
8/10/1981 Circular wing aircraft
10/27/1981 Fin erection mechanism 4,296,895 General Dynamics
3/29/1984 Transporter skirt
10/16/1986 Folded wheelchair
10/21/1987 Surveillance aircraft, general arrangement
12/14/1993 Hidden hinge 5,269,048 McDonnell Douglas Corporation

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Wall of Honor

smithsonianHonoree: Ladislao Pazmany

Wall of Honor Location: Foil: 17 Panel: 4 Column: 4 Line: 2

Wall of Honor Level: Air and Space Friend

Honored by: All who knew him

Ladislao lived the spirit of aviation. A pioneer in the field, he was born November 25, 1923 and participated in many of the groundbreaking flying eras of the twentieth century, always on or near the edge of innovation. An aeronautical engineer, designer, builder, pilot, teacher, speaker, and author he passed away on August 21, 2006 at his home in San Diego, CA. His work and reputation as an aeronautical engineer stretches across continents and touches people on every level of aviation, from government officials to young amateur pilots. Animated with a visionary’s passion for flight, and an innate ability for engineering, his design work began with early model airplanes made of wood as a child and continued through six decades of work on gliders, small planes, jets, and missiles, both for private purchase and for the largest defense contractors in America, including Convair, General Dynamics and Rohr. Contributions to the unmanned stealth aircraft were utilized in action during the Iraq war. And for Ryan, the Cloudster was his commercial contribution.

But his first love was always small aircraft: Aviation in the hands of the beginner. The novice. The amateur. The cadet. The homebuilder. Always flying at its purest, most elemental, for those who wanted to learn. And fly. Because at any moment, decade or period of time they are the future. They are the spirit of aviation. Pazmany knew this, lived it and cultivated it. His plans, planes and programs are found in the United States, Canada, Europe, South America, and throughout Asia including Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Indonesia.

He became recognized as a world authority on landing gear, light aircraft, and flight efficiencies through his books, plans and planes: The Pazmany PL-1 and PL-2, used for training, the PL-4A, a single seat VW powered, T-Tail with folding wings; and the PL-9 Stork, a 3/4 adaptation of the Luftwaffe STOL warbird. He was inducted into the EAA (Experimental Aircraft Association) Hall of Fame in 1997 for his work in Homebuilt Aircraft, and his formulation of the performance and safety oriented “Pazmany Efficiency Test” which set a new standard in aeronautics. He is listed in the international directory Jane’s Encyclopedia of Aviation.

When receiving an award from the AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics) for “Outstanding Technical Achievement In Aerospace Engineering” in 1984, Mr. Pazmany was portrayed in Achiever magazine as “ A man who has pursued, for over four decades, aircraft designs of perfection”. It is an ambition Pazmany compared with a classic symphony. “The ultimate flight efficiencies blended with many components into a single machine.”

Hungarian by heritage, raised in Argentina, and enjoying a long life in the United States with his wife and two daughters, Mr. Pazmany, a man of remarkable strength and perseverance was never more himself than in the last years of failing health when he remained active despite the ordeal of Parkinson’s Disease. Shortly before passing, and ignoring his adversity, he remarked “Life has many good things.” And his spirit, and the spirit of aviation he embodied lives on.

Source: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Wall of Honor

A biography of Ladislao Pazmany

Ladislao Pazmany

Aviation pioneer Ladislao Pazmany (November 25, 1923 – August 21, 2006) was an aeronautical engineer, designer, builder, pilot, teacher, speaker and author.

His design engineering stretched from early model airplanes made of wood as a child in Argentina, through six decades of work on gliders, small planes, jets and missiles, both for private purchase and for the largest defense contractors in America including Convair, General Dynamics and Rohr. Contributions to the unmanned stealth aircraft were utilized in action during the Iraq war. And for Ryan, the Cloudster was his commercial contribution. Read more

Pazmany’s profile

Ladislao Pazmany, a young pilot, not yet 20, with his first airplane a Piper Cub J-3, barnstorming around fields and pastures in rural Argentina

Ladislao Pazmany, a young pilot, not yet 20, with his first airplane a Piper Cub J-3, barnstorming around fields and pastures in rural Argentina

In the true spirit of aviation Ladislao Pazmany was an innovator in every aspect of his life: In concepts, aeronautics, aviation, avionics – design, plans, parts, assembly, building, testing, teaching, flying, safety, friendships, meetings, fly-ins, displays, data-basing, photos, articles, books, networking and communication.  Read more…

Pazmany’s Patents

Below is a list of patents held by Ladislao Pazmany:

  • Patent Number 5,269,048 Hidden Hinge
  • Patent Number 4,296,895 Fin Erection Mechanism
  • Patent Number 4,091,831 Emergency Shut-Off Valve
  • Patent Number 3,981,463 Overwing Thrust Reverser
  • Patent Number 3,130,941 Elastic Bellmouth for Duct Through Aerodynamic Surface
  • Patent Number 3,034,752 Flexible Support Member

A few milestones mark the road of a lifetime’s work

PL1_PazmanyThe work of Ladislao Pazmany has been recognized worldwide, by clubs, companies, association, publications, and governments for over 40 years.

1. Pazmany Aircraft Corporation: Creation, development, and management of the company. San Diego.1957

2. Design, Engineering, And Construction of The PL Monoplanes:  PL-1, PL-2, and PL-4A gain International recognition in magazines, clubs, associations, and in Jane’s Encyclopedia; with amateur builders, and governments. Planes are used as trainers in Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia. 1962-Present

Read more

Ladislao Pazmany, Design Engineer

fieldpazLadislao Pazmany……”Paz” to all of his friends in the EAA world, is of Hungarian descent. His family moved to Argentina when he was three and he grew up and was educated there. Enamored with aviation from an early age, he built models and began flying gliders when he was 15. After obtaining a degree in aero engineering, he worked wherever engineering jobs were available in the unstable economy that prevailed in Argentina at the time. Read more

Magazine articles

sportaviationMagazine articles by or about Ladislao Pazmany

“Where can your airplane be improved?  Could your piloting technique be refined?  How do you stack up among your peers?  How does your jewel of an airplane perform, compared to other airplanes of its class?  We can get answers to some of these questions by taking another, closer look at the information developed from the past few years of flying the Pazmany Efficiency Contest.” – Philip B. Groelz

  1. Pazmany, L. “Airplane Efficiency Contest“, EAA 2431, July 1970.
  2. Groelz, P. “The Pazmany Efficiency Contest… Make It Work For You!“, EAA 32604, July 1974..
The following articles about the PL-1 are provided as a courtesy of EAA Sport Aviation Magazine, Air Progress Magazine, and the Union Tribune (PDF format). These articles were written after the first flights, in a Q-and-A format, where Mr. Pazmany answered many typical questions people had about the PL-1.

  1. Pazmany, L. “Flying the … PL-1 ‘Laminar’“, EAA Sport Aviation, June 1963.
  2. Downie, D. “We fly the PAZMANY PL-1“, Air Progress, August/September 1963.
  3. 1001 Hours in a Homebuilt – Mostly on Instruments“, Air Progress, May 1968.
  4. Van Denburgh, R. “China Gets a Bargain: $75 Buys 12,000 Hours of Labor“, Union Tribune, Sunday December 8, 1968.
  5. Hanson, S. “The Chinese Connection“, Kitplanes, September 1996.
  6. PL-1B in the Sky of the USA“, Taiwan Defense Technology, November 2000.
The following articles about the PL-2 are provided as a courtesy of New Zealand Wings, New Zealand Sport Flying, Sport Aviation, and Flyer (PDF format).

  1. Porter, G. “Roll Your Own“, New Zealand Wings, June 1989.
  2. Trophies awarded at national fly-in, Taranaki Trophy, Best all-metal aircraft to attend fly-in, Pazmany PL-2, Trevor Parker, New Zealand Sport Flying, March 1989.
  3. Lavender, D. “My Pazmany PL-2“, Sport Aviation, July 1998.
  4. Back cover of New Zealand Sport Flying, Summer 2000. “Trevor Parker has been flying his Pazmany PL-2 for the 12 years since he finished building it, and bases ZK-TLP at Tauranga.
  5. Yellow Peril – Pazmany PL-2 Flight Test“, Flyer, February 2003.
The following articles about the PL-4A and its designer, Ladislao Pazmany, are provided as a courtesy of EAA Sport Aviation, Sport Flying, Plane & Pilot, Air Progress magazines, New Zealand Wings, New Zealand Sport Flying, Flyer, Canadian Flight, and Australian Airsport (PDF format). Selected from a large collection of articles, these were written after the first flights and were intended to provide readers an impression of what the PL-4 was all about. Mr. Pazmany answered many typical questions people had about the design as well as the unique characteristics of the PL-4.

  1. Gordon, R. “Ladislao Pazmany … Designer and Builder“, Sport Aviation, October 1971.
  2. Staff writers, “Pazmany’s PL-4 Features “T” Tail and VW Engine“, Sport Flying, October 1972.
  3. Pazmany, L. “The Pazmany PL-4A is Flying!“, Sport Aviation, March 1973.
  4. Dwiggins, D. “Pazmany VW-Engine Homebuilt: Flying the PL-4A is a New Experience“, Plane & Pilot, April 1973.
  5. Leggatt, J. “A Novice Flies the PL-4“, Sport Flying, June 1973.
  6. Davisson, B. “At Last! A Simple Pazmany“, Air Progress, June 1973.
  7. Pazmany, L. “The Pazmany PL-4A After 180 Hours: A Progress Report“, Sport Aviation, March 1974.
  8. Pazmany, L. “The Pazmany PL-4A After 180 Hours: A Progress Report“, Sport Aviation, March 1974.
  9. MacDonald, A. “Air Cadets Fly High“, Canadian Flight, May-June 1974.
  10. Rodencal, J. “John Rodencal’s PL-4“, Sport Aviation, August 1981.
  11. Denight, R. “The Denight Special“, Sport Aviation, April 1982.
  12. Self, T. “Pazmany PL-4A Alive and Flying“, Australian Airsport, January-February 1894.
The following articles about the PL-9 are provided as a courtesy of Sport Aviation and Sportsman Pilot (PDF format).

  1. Pazmany, L. “The Pazmany PL-9 ‘Stork’“, Sport Aviation, February 1991.
  2. Pazmnay, L. “Pazmany PL-9 Stork Update“, Sport Aviation, July 1993.
  3. Pazmany PL-9 Stork“, Sportsman Pilot, Summer 1993.